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at CES 2011, and followed by the release of three pre-release versions from September 2011 to May 2012. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, and was released forgeneral availability on October 26, 2012.[3]
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on devices such as tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS.[4] In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for new and emerging technologies such as USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.
Windows 8 was released to mixed reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.[5]
On October 17, 2013, Microsoft released the first major update to the operating system, Windows 8.1. The update addresses some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters (including the absence of Start button on the taskbar) and incorporates additional improvements to various aspects of the operating system.[6][7]
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